آموزش زبان نروژی با متود جهان تحصیل
سلام به دوستانی که کشور نروژ رو برای ادامه تحصیل خودشون انتخاب کردند. از اونجایی که میدونید واسه ورود به اکثریت کشورها نه تنها دونستن زبان انگلیسی بسیار حیاتی هستش بلکه یادگیری زبان بومی اون کشور هم از اهمیت خاصی برخورداره. دوستان در این پست میخوام شما رو با حروف و تعدادی واژه و اصطلاح نروژی آشنا کنم. خوب" به خودتون سخت نگیرید اگه هدفمند باشید به خوبی یاد خواهید گرفت. دوستان با یادگیری زبان بومی هر کشور به غیر از انگلیسی میتونید شرایط کاری بهتری رو واسه خودتون مهیا کنید چون با مردمان اون کشور به راحتی ارتباط برقرار میکنید. خوب وارد حاشیه جات نمیشم و به اصل مطلب میپردازم....
درس 1:
دوستان از الفبای زبان نروژی شروع میکنم. الفبای زبان نروژی شامل 29 حرف هست که از 9حرف صدادار و 20 حرف بی صدا تشکیل شده است.
به حروف زیر با دقت گوش کنید "واسه گوش کردن باید روی حرف مورد نظر کلیک کنید با این کار میتونید تلفظ صحیح حروف رو یاد بگیرد:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Æ Ø Å
حالا به نوع تلفظات به صورت نوشتاری دقت کنید:
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j |
| /ɑː/ | /beː/ | /seː/ | /deː/ | /eː/ | /ef/ | /geː/ | /hoː/ | /iː/ | /jeː/ |
| K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T |
| k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t |
| /koː/ | /el/ | /em/ | /en/ | /uː/ | /peː/ | /kʉː/ | /ær/ | /es/ | /teː/ |
| U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Æ | Ø | Å | |
| u | v | w | x | y | z | æ | ø | å | |
| /ʉː/ | /veː/ | /2dobeltˌveː/ | /eks/ | /yː/ | /set/ | /æː/ | /øː/ | /oː/ | |
به نحوه گفتار این 3 حرف دقت کنید:
| <æ> | - | "sær" | → | "saer" | weird | |
| <ø> | - | "sør" | → | "soer" | south | |
| <å> | - | "sår" | → | "saar" | wound, sore |
5حرف دیگه هم داریم مانند مثال روبرو: ( c, q, w, x, z (camping, quiz, watt, xylofon, pizza
مقایسه زبان نروژی با انگلیسی:
| Norwegian | English reference |
|---|---|
| a | Like in "hard" |
| b | Like in "buy" |
| c | Before front vowels cf. /s/ in "circus" |
| Before back vowels cf. /k/ in "camping" | |
| d | Like in "dog" |
| e | Like in "bed" |
| f | Like in "fine" |
| g | Like in "girl" |
| h | Like in "hat" |
| i | Like in "see" |
| j | Like in "yes" |
| k | Like in "kite" |
| l | Like in "live" |
| m | Like in "map" |
| n | Like in "now" |
| o | No equivalent |
| p | Like
in "pen" |
| q | In Norwegian, is pronounced as /kv/, cf. "quiz" - /kvis/ |
| r | Like Scottish "r". The tip of the tongue taps the alveolar ridge. |
| s | Like in "see" |
| t | Like in "tea" |
| u | Approximately as the final vowel in "new" |
| v | Like in "violin" |
| w | Like in "violin" |
| x | Like - /ks/ in "tax" |
| y | No equivalent |
| z | Pronounced as /s/, cf. "zoom" - /su:m/ |
| æ | Like in "bad" |
| ø | No equivalent |
| å | Like in "saw" |
گرامر:
ضمایر اصلی
| jeg | I |
| du | you (singular) |
| han | he |
| hun | she |
| det/den | it |
| vi | we |
| dere | you (plural) |
| de | they |
خوب دوسنان دیدید که سخت نیست به چند تا فعل اشاره میکنم خوب توجه کنید:
| Infinitive(مصدر) | (زمان حال)Present tense | ||
| å komme | to come | → | kommer |
| å reise | to travel | → | reiser |
طریقه اضافه کردن ضمایر(من-تو-او-ما-آنها) + فعل: به مثال زیر توجه کنید..
| Jeg kommer fra England. |
| I come from England |
| Anna kommer fra Italia. |
| Anna comes from Italy. |
| Vi kommer fra Norge. |
| We come from Norway. |
خوب در مثال بالا یک کلمه جدید هم یاد گرفتید: fra =from =اهل جایی بودن در این جمله
توجه"
| å være | to be | → | er |
| å gjøre | to do | → | gjør |
اسم:در زبان نروژی 3 نوع اسم داریم:
1- مونث en
2-مذکر ei
3-خنثی et
مانند مثال زیر بکار میبریم:
| Masculine(مردانه): | en brus | a soda |
| Feminine(زنانه): | ei jente | a girl |
| Neuter(خنثی): | et kart | a map |
در بعضی مواقع به جای en /ei هم میتونید بکار ببرید.
کلمات سوالی:
| hva | what |
| hvem | who |
| hvor | where "how |
| hvordan | how |
| Hva heter du? | What is your name? |
| Hvem er det? | Who is it? |
| Hvor bor du? | Where do you live? |
| Hvor gammel er du? | How old are you? |
| Hvordan går det? | How are you? |
واسه وصل کردن 2 جمله از og =and و واسه ربط دادن جمله اولی به دومی از men=but استفاده میکنیم. به زیر خوب توجه کنید:
Jeg heter Anna, og jeg kommer fra Italia.
My name is Anna, and I come from Italy
men jeg snakker ikke tysk.
Jeg snakker italiensk, I speak Italian, but I do not speak German
نکته:در زبان نروژی فعل بعد از ضمیر قید میشه: Jeg snakker norsk = I speak Norwegian
یک کلمه جدید دیگه هم یاد گرفتید: snakker=speak صحبت کردن
واسه منفی کردن جمله از ikke=not استفاده میکنیم و معمولا بعد از فعل قرار میگیره. مثال:
Jeg snakker ikke spansk
I do not speak Spanish
کلمه جدید: همچنین - بعد از فعل قرار میگیره også = also/too
مثال:Jeg snakker også spansk
I also speak Spanish
چند تا جمله سوالی هم واستون مثال میزنم و بقیه مطالب رو واسه درس بعدی توضیح میدم.
Hva heter du?
What is your name?
Hvor kommer du fra?
Where do you come from
Snakker du norsk?
Do you speak Norwegian
برخی از ملیت ها:Nationalities
| Countries | Nationalities "adjectives | Languages |
|---|---|---|
| Norge | norsk | norsk |
| England | engelsk | engelsk |
| Italia | italiensk | italiensk |
| Spania | spansk | spansk |
| USA | amerikansk | amerikansk" engelsk |
| Tyskland | tysk | tysk |
Norwegian I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
There are two types of written Norwegian, Bokmål and Nynorsk. This tutorial includes Bokmål only. Thanks to Dan for helping with this tutorial!
| God morgen Good Morning |
Hallo / God dag Hello / Good Day |
God kveld Good Evening |
| God natt Good Night |
Ha det bra Goodbye |
Hei / Ha det Hi / Bye |
| Vær så snill Please |
(Tusen) Takk Thank you (very much) |
Ingen årsak / Vær så god Dont mention it / Youre welcome |
| Ja / Nei Yes / No |
Herr / Fru / Frøken Mister / Misses |
Velkommen! Welcome! |
| Hvordan har du det? How are you? |
Hvordan går det? How its going? |
Bra / Dårlig Good / Bad |
| Hva heter du? Whats your name? |
Jeg heter... My name is... (I am called...) |
Hyggelig å treffe deg! Pleased to meet you! |
| Hvor kommer du fra? Where are you from? |
Jeg er fra... Im from... |
Unnskyld Excuse me / Sorry |
| Hvor bor du? Where do you live? |
Jeg bor i... I live in... |
Jeg vil gjerne ha... / Jeg skulle gjerne hatt... I would like... |
| Hvor gammel er du? How old are you? |
Jeg er ____ år (gammel). I am ____ years (old). |
Jeg vet [ikke.] I [dont] know. |
| Snakker du norsk? Do you speak Norwegian? |
Jeg snakker engelsk. I speak English. |
Snakk langsomt Speak slowly |
| svensk, dansk, fransk, italiensk, spansk, tysk, holländsk, rysk, japansk Swedish, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Russian, Japanese |
Hva heter ... på norsk? How do you say ... in Norwegian? |
|
| Forstår du? Do you understand? |
Jeg forstår [ikke.] I [dont] understand. |
Vær så snill å gjenta / Vennligst gjenta Please repeat |
| Hva er dette? What is this? |
Hvor er ... ? Where is ... ? |
Hvor mye koster dette? How much does this cost? |
| Jeg er sulten Im hungry |
Jeg er tørst Im thirsty |
Jeg er trett Im tired |
| Jeg er syk Im sick |
Jeg tror [ikke] det I [dont] think so |
Kom inn / hit Come in / here |
| Ta plass Have a seat. |
Stans! / Stopp! Stop! |
Straks! Immediately! / Soon! |
| Jeg har gått meg bort Im lost |
Hjelp! Help! |
Fare! Danger! |
| Pass på! Watch out! |
Vent litt! Wait a minute! |
Hvor langt er det? How far is it? |
| Det var synd. Thats too bad! |
Velbekomme! Have a good meal! |
Skål! Cheers! (toast) |
| Lykke til! Good luck! |
Jeg elsker deg. I love you. |
Jeg savner deg. I miss you. |
| Norwegian letter(s) | English sound |
| d | silent at end of word; and in -ld, -nd, -rd |
| ig | ee |
| eg | ay |
| h | silent before consonants, such as in hv- |
| j, gj, hj | yuh, as in yes |
| kj, tj | sh, but softer and more palatalized (as in German) |
| sj, skj | sh |
| sl | shl |
| ki, ky, kei, køy | sh, but softer and more palatalized (as in German) |
| ski, sky, skei, skøy | sh |
| gi, gy, gei, gøy | yuh |
| g + other vowels | guh |
| sk + other vowels | sk |
| -egn, -egl, -øgn | g is silent |
| ng | nasalized, as in singer and not finger |
| æ | ah as in cat |
| ø | ay, but with lips rounded |
| å | aw as in saw |
| a | ahh | k | kaw | u | ooh |
| b | bay | l | el | v | vay |
| c | say | m | em | w | dobbel-veh |
| d | day | n | en | x | eks |
| e | ay | o | ooh | y | ew (lips rounded) |
| f | ef | p | pay | z | set |
| g | gay | q | koo | æ | ah (as in cat) |
| h | haw | r | air | ø | ay (lips rounded) |
| i | ee | s | ess | å | aw |
| j | yod | t | tay |
Nouns in Norwegian (Bokmål) have two genders, masculine and neuter, which adjectives must agree with when modifying nouns. Technically there is a third gender, feminine (which Nynorsk retains), but since feminine nouns can be written as masculine nouns, Im including feminine nouns in the masculine category. There are two indefinite articles that correspond with these genders: en for masculine nouns and et for neuter nouns. In the vocabulary lists, a noun followed by (n) means that it is a neuter noun and it takes the indefinite article et. The majority of nouns in Norwegian are masculine, so they take the indefinite article en.
The only case of nouns that is used in Norwegian is the genitive (showing possession), and it is easily formed by adding an -s to the noun. This is comparable to adding -s in English to show possession. However, if the noun already ends in -s, then you add nothing (unlike English where we add - or -s). Olavs hus = Olavs house
There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an): en and et. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en. And et words ending in -e just add -t. Furthermore, the t of et as an indefinite article is pronounced; however, the t is silent in the definite article -et attached to the noun. (For feminine nouns, the indefinite article is ei and the definite article that is attached to the noun is -a. In theory, this gender does still exist in Bokmål, but in practice, it is rarely used and the feminine nouns are inflected like masculine nouns, i.e. add -en instead of -a for the definite form.)
Articles
|
En words (masculine)
|
Et words (neuter)
|
||||||
|
Indefinite
|
Definite
|
Indefinite
|
Definite
|
||||
| en fisk | a fish | fisken | the fish | et vindu | a window | vinduet | the window |
| en baker | a baker | bakeren | the baker | et barn | a child | barnet | the child |
| en hage | a garden | hagen | the garden | et hus | a house | huset | the house |
Demonstrative Adjectives
| masculine | denne dressen | this suit | den dressen | that suit |
| neuter | dette skjerfet | this scarf | det skjerfet | that scarf |
| plural | disse skoene | these shoes | de skoene | those shoes |
Notice that the noun that follows a demonstrative adjective must have the definite article attached to it.
(The feminine form of demonstratives is identical to the masculine; denne and den.)
| jeg | I | meg | me | ||
| du | you (singular) | deg | you | ||
| han | he | ham | him | ||
| hun | she | henne | her | ||
| den | it (masc.) | den | it | ||
| det | it (neut.) | det | it | ||
| man | one | man | one | ||
| vi | we | oss | us | ||
| dere | you (plural) | dere | you | ||
| de | they | dem | them |
The present and past tenses of verbs in Norwegian are very simple to conjugate. All the forms are the same for each personal pronoun. The infinitive of the verb to be in Norwegian is være, and the conjugated present tense form is er and the past tense is var. The infinitive of the verb to have is ha, and the conjugated present tense form is har and the past tense is hadde.
|
være - to be
|
ha - to have
|
||||||
| I am | jeg er | I was | jeg var | I have | jeg har | I had | jeg hadde |
| you are | du er | you were | du var | you have | du har | you had | du hadde |
| he is | han er | he was | han var | he has | han har | he had | han hadde |
| she is | hun er | she was | hun var | she has | hun har | she had | hun hadde |
| it is | den er | it was | den var | it has | den har | it had | den hadde |
| it is | det er | it was | det var | it has | det har | it had | det hadde |
| one is | man er | one was | man var | one has | man har | one had | man hadde |
| we are | vi er | we were | vi var | we have | vi har | we had | vi hadde |
| you are | dere er | you were | dere var | you have | dere har | you had | dere hadde |
| they are | de er | they were | de var | they have | de har | they had | de hadde |
To form the future tense of verbs, just add skal before the infinitive. Jeg skal være = I will be; hun skal ha = she will have; etc.
| sometimes | noen ganger / av og til | already | allerede |
| always | alltid | perhaps | kanskje |
| never | aldri | both | begge |
| often | ofte | some | noe(n) |
| usually | vanligvis | again | igjen |
| now | nå | between | mellom |
| and | og | a lot, many | mye / mange |
| but | men | of course | selvfølgelig / såklart |
| or | eller | a little | litt |
| very | veldig / svært | not at all | ikke i det hele tatt / slettes ikke / overhodet ikke |
| here | her | almost | nesten |
| there | der | really? | virkelig? |
| with | med | it is | det er |
| each other | hverandre | there is/are | det finnes |
| Who | hvem | How | hvordan |
| What | hva | How much | hvor mye |
| Why | hvorfor | How many | hvor mange |
| When | når | How long | hvor lenge |
| Where | hvor | Where from | hvorfra |
| Which | hvilken, hvilket, hvilke | What kind of | hva slags |
Hvilken is used with masculine nouns, hvilket is used with neuter nouns, and hvilke is used with plural nouns.
10. Cardinal & Ordinal Numbers
| 0 | null | ||
| 1 | en, ett | 1st | første |
| 2 | to | 2nd | annen, andre |
| 3 | tre | 3rd | tredje |
| 4 | fire | 4th | fjerde |
| 5 | fem | 5th | femte |
| 6 | seks | 6th | sjette |
| 7 | sju | 7th | sjuende |
| 8 | åtte | 8th | åttende |
| 9 | ni | 9th | niende |
| 10 | ti | 10th | tiende |
| 11 | elleve | 11th | ellevte |
| 12 | tolv | 12th | tolvte |
| 13 | tretten | 13th | trettende |
| 14 | fjorten | 14th | fjortende |
| 15 | femten | 15th | femtende |
| 16 | seksten | 16th | sekstende |
| 17 | sytten | 17th | syttende |
| 18 | atten | 18th | attende |
| 19 | nitten | 19th | nittende |
| 20 | tjue | 20th | tjuende |
| 21 | tjueen, tjueett | 21st | tjueførste |
| 22 | tjueto | 22nd | tjueandre |
| 30 | tretti | 30th | trettiende |
| 40 | førti | 40th | førtiende |
| 50 | femti | 50th | femtiende |
| 60 | seksti | 60th | sekstiende |
| 70 | sytti | 70th | syttiende |
| 80 | åtti | 80th | åttiende |
| 90 | nitti | 90th | nittiende |
| 100 | hundre | 100th | hundrede |
| 1,000 | tusen | 1,000th | tusende |
| million | million | ||
| billion | milliard | ||
| trillion | billion |
"Sju" can also be written "syv" (slightly more formal), and "sjuende" as "syvende" Similarly "tjue" can be "tyve", but this does seem less common and more formal.
| Monday | mandag | this morning | i dag morges |
| Tuesday | tirsdag | tomorrow morning | i morgen tidlig |
| Wednesday | onsdag | tomorrow afternoon | i morgen formiddag |
| Thursday | torsdag | tomorrow night | i morgen kveld |
| Friday | fredag | day after tomorrow | i overmorgen |
| Saturday | lørdag | tonight | i kveld |
| Sunday | søndag | last night | i går kveld |
| day | dag | yesterday | i går |
| morning | morgen | day before yesterday | i forgårs |
| afternoon | ettermiddag | week | uke |
| evening | kveld | next week | nest uke |
| night | natt | weekend | helg |
| today | i dag | daily | daglig |
| tomorrow | i morgen | weekly | ukentlig |
| January | januar |
| February | februar |
| March | mars |
| April | april |
| May | mai |
| June | juni |
| July | juli |
| August | august |
| September | september |
| October | oktober |
| November | november |
| December | desember |
| month | måned |
| last month | forrige måned |
| monthly | månedlig |
| year | år (n) |
| this year | i år |
| last year | i fjor |
| yearly | årlig |
| Winter | vinter | in (the) winter | om vinteren |
| Spring | vår | in (the) spring | om våren |
| Summer | sommer | in (the) summer | om sommeren |
| Fall | høst | in (the) fall | om høsten |
| North | nord | Northeast | nordøst |
| South | syd | Northwest | nordvest |
| East | øst |
Southeast |
sydøst |
| West | vest | Southwest | sydvest |
| to the right | til høyre |
| to the left | til venstre |
| straight ahead | rett fram / frem |
Frem is slightly more formal than fram.
| orange | oransje |
| pink | rosa |
| purple | lilla |
| blue | blå, blått, blå |
| yellow | gul, gult, gule |
| red | rød, rødt, røde |
| black | svart, svart, svarte |
| brown | brun, brunt, brune |
| gray | grå, grått, grå |
| white | hvit, hvitt, hvite |
| green | grønn, grønt, grønne |
The first three colors do not change according to gender or number to agree with the noun they modify. The rest of the colors must agree, however, and they are listed in masculine, neuter and plural forms: en grønn kjole - a green dress; et blått hus - a blue house; svarte sokker - black socks
| What time is it? | Hva er klokken? | now | nå |
| It is 2. | Klokken er to. | early | tidlig |
| 6:20 | tjue over seks | earlier | tidligere |
| half past 3 | halv fire | soon | snart |
| quarter past 4 | kvart over fire | late | sent |
| quarter to 5 | kvart på fem | later | senere |
| 10 past 11 | ti over elleve | in 10 minutes | om ti minutter |
| 20 to 7 | tjue på sju | in 15 minutes | om et kvarter |
| noon | middag | in a half hour | om en halvtime |
| midnight | midnatt | in an hour | om en time |
| in the morning | om morgenen | right now | akkurat nå |
| in the evening | om kvelden | at once | med en gang |
| Its exactly... | Den er nøyaktig... | immediately | straks |
| About/around 8. | omtrent åtte | At 8. | klokken åtte |
| Hows the weather? | Hvordan er været? | What temperature is it? | Hvor mange grader er det? |
| Its cold | Det er kaldt | Its foggy | Det er tåke |
| Its warm | Det er varmt | The fog is lifting | Tåken letner |
| Its beautiful | Det er pent | Its snowing | Det snør |
| Its bad | Det er dårlig | Its raining | Det regner |
| Its clearing | Det lysner | Its going to storm | Det bli storm |
| Its icy | Det er isete | Theres thunder | Det tordner |
| Its windy | Det blåser | Theres lightning | Det lyner |
| Its cloudy | Det er overskyet | Its freezing (cold as ice) | Det er iskaldt |
| Its humid/muggy | Det er fuktig | Its hailing | Det hagler |
| Parents | foreldre | Niece | niese |
| Mother | mor | Nephew | nevø |
| Father | far | Uncle | onkel |
| Son | sønn | Aunt | tante |
| Daughter | datter | Boy | gutt |
| Brother | bror | Girl | jente, pike |
| Sister | søster | Child / Baby | barn |
| Grandfather | bestefar | Adult | voksen |
| Grandmother | bestemor | Man | mann |
| Grandson | barnebarn | Woman | kvinne |
| Granddaughter | barnebarn | Friend (male) | venn |
| Cousin (male) | fetter | Friend female) | venninne |
| Cousin (female) | kusine |
Some family words have irregular indefinite plurals: mødre (mothers), fedre (fathers), sønner (sons), døtre (daughters), brødre (brothers), and søstre (sisters)
|
kjenne - to know people
|
vite - to know facts
|
|
| present |
kjenner
|
vet
|
| past |
kjente
|
visste
|
| future |
skal kjenne
|
skal vite
|
Masculine nouns generally add -er or -r to the indefinite singular noun to form the indefinite plural, and -ene or -ne to form the definite plural. The names of jobs ending in -er only add -e and -ne in these cases. Neuter nouns that are more than one syllable form plural nouns the same way as masculine nouns. Neuter nouns that are only one syllable, however, add nothing to form the indefinite plural and either -ene or -a to form the definite plural.
| Singular |
Indefinite Plural
|
Definite Plural
|
||
| en fisk | fisker | some fish | fiskene | the fishes |
| en hage | hager | some gardens | hagene | the gardens |
| en baker | bakere | some bakers | bakerne | the bakers |
|
et vindu
|
vinduer | some windows | vinduene | the windows |
| et hus | hus | some houses | husene | the houses |
| et barn | barn | some children | barna | the children |
Irregular plural nouns in Norwegian:
|
Singular
|
Irregular Indefinite Plural
|
Singular = Indefinite Plural
|
||
| and | ender | duck(s) | angrep (n) | attack(s) |
| bok | bøker | book(s) | besok (n) | visit(s) |
| bonde | bønder | peasant(s) | eventyr (n) | tale(s), story(ies) |
| fot | føtter | foot(feet) | feil | error(s), mistake(s) |
| hånd | hender | hand(s) | forhold | circumstance(s) |
| håndkle | håndklær | hand towel(s) | høve (n) | opportunity(ies) |
| kne (n) | knær | knee(s) | kreps | crawfish(es) |
| kraft | krefter | strength | mus | mouse(s) |
| ku | kyr | cow(s) | mygg | mosquito(es) |
| natt | netter | night(s) | sild | herring(s) |
| mann | menn | man(men) | sko | shoe(s) |
| rand | render | edge(s) | spiker | nail(s) |
| rot | røtter | root(s) | ting | thing(s) |
| sted (n) | steder | place(s) | våpen | weapon(s) |
| stang | stenger | bar(s) | ||
| strand | strender | beach(es) | ||
| tang | tenger | pincher(s) | ||
| tann | tenner | tooth(teeth) | ||
| tre | trær | tree(s) | ||
| tå | tær | toe(s) | ||
| øye | øyne | eye(s) | ||
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